Difference Between Exemption and Deduction

The system of tax is considered to be mandatory in an economically sound state, but for the taxpayers, it seems like a painful deal.

However, there are certain methods that can help a person to get relief in this process. Exemption and Deduction are two such methods by which the overall tax liability of a person gets reduced.

But both of these are very different from one another, and it is important to recognize these differences.  

Exemption vs Deduction 

The difference between Exemption and Deduction is that the former is a method in which a particular part of the income of an individual is not counted in that income that is taxable, while in the latter, out of the whole taxable amount, some of the amounts gets reduced or the person only needs to pay some of it and not the whole of it.  

In terms of tax liability, exemption refers to a system where some part of the income or the salary of a person is not calculated when he is asked to pay tax on the total income.

This meaning is very simple as it is clearly seen from the term exemption itself that it indicates that something has been exempted, and in the context of Texas, it represents that part of the income that attracts no tax at all. 

But on the other hand, the term deduction represents a system of tax whereby the complete income of a person attracts tax liability.

But due to certain reasons, some of the total amounts get reduced to a particular extent.

This can either be a one-time deduction or a regular deduction scheme, but it totally depends upon the nature of tax liability and the amount of income as well. 

Comparison Table

Parameters of Comparison	Exemption	Deduction
Meaning	This term represents a system where a certain amount out of the total income of a person does not attract taxability	This term represents a system where the person receives some sort of concession out of the total tax liability
Nature	This system has a nature of relaxation	This system has a nature of the concession
Purpose	The hidden objective behind this particular system is to make sure that certain people receive relaxation because of their weaker economic condition	The objective behind this system is to make sure that people save a certain amount of their total income.
Applied on	It is applied to almost all the persons	It is only applied to the persons who happened to meet certain criteria prescribed by the competent authority
Procedure	Only a specific part out of the total income is counted for tax liability	All of the income is counted for tax liability but afterward certain concession is granted

What is Exemption? 

In the system of tax, the exemption is a process that grants the person who is liable to pay tax some sort of relief upon the total tax liability.

In simple words, a person is said to be exempted in his tax liability when a specific part of his total income is ignored while taking into account his total income that is subjected to tax liability. 

The system works in two manners, basically.

In a first manner, the income of a person that he has gained through a particular way becomes totally exempted from the tax liability.

Income arising out of agricultural activities is one of the main examples of this particular system.  

But the system works in another manner also that is known as half exemption. In this process, not the total amount is exempted, but only a particular part of the total amount receives some relief.

The hidden objective behind this particular system is to make sure that certain people receive relaxation because of their weaker economic conditions. 

What is Deduction? 

In order to grant some relief to a taxpayer, the system of deduction is also prevalent in some areas all across the world.

The concept of deduction can easily be understood by looking at the name itself.

It simply denotes that when a person has to file tax upon his income, he is granted some sort of concession on the total amount.  

In other words, a deduction is when a person need not pay 100% of the total tax liability and receives a particular extent of discount or concession.

The reason why this concept works in society is that the authorities want people to maximize their savings, and for the same reason, they allow people some sort of concession upon their tax liability. 

Although this system is very famous in many states, it still brings certain downsides along with certain benefits.

For example, it carries along with a particular eligibility criterion because it is only applied to the persons who happened to meet certain criteria prescribed by the competent authority. 

Main Differences Between Exemption and Deduction 

1. Exemption represents a process where a person is not needed to pay tax on a certain amount of his income, while on the other hand, Deduction is a process where a person receives some concession or discount upon the total tax liability. 
2. The exemption applies to almost all persons, while the deduction applies to certain individuals only. 
3. The nature of exemption is to provide relaxation while, on the other hand, deduction provides concession. 
4. The reason why the exemption is provided is that the government wants the weaker section to feel lightly weighted in terms of tax liability, but on the other hand, the reason why deduction is provided is that the authorities want people to maximize their savings. 
5. To provide exemption certain part of the income is not at all calculated while making tax liability, but to provide deduction, the whole amount receives some concession. 

References  

1. https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/ohslj52&section=54 
2. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00874087