The NTLM authentication process solely involves the client and the IIS7 server. However, a trusted third party is also privy to this authentication process under the ticket-based Kerberos protocol.
This seminal difference between the two is highlighted further by the other dissimilarities apparent in a comparative analysis.
Key Takeaways
- NTLM is a Microsoft authentication protocol that uses a challenge-response mechanism for authentication and is used in Windows environments.
- Kerberos is a network authentication protocol that uses a ticketing system widely used in Unix-based systems and cross-platform environments.
- While NTLM relies on a series of handshakes between the client and the server, Kerberos uses a trusted third-party authentication server to issue tickets for authentication.
NTLM vs Kerberos
NTLM credentials are based on data obtained during the interactive logon process and consist of a domain name, a user name, and a one-way hash of the user’s password. Kerberos is a computer network security protocol that authenticates service requests between two or more trusted hosts across an untrusted network, like the internet.
Comparison Table
| Parameters of Comparison | NTLM | Kerberos |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | NTLM is a Microsoft authentication protocol used in older Windows models, not members of an Active Directory domain. | Kerberos is a ticket-based authentication protocol used in the latest Windows models. These computers are already members of an Active Directory domain. |
| Authentication Process | Under NTLM, the authentication protocol solely involves the client and the IIS7 server. | The Kerberos authentication protocol involves the client, server, and a trusted third-party ticket partner. The third party is an Active Directory domain controller. |
| Security | NTLM is less secure than the Kerberos protocol. | The Kerberos authentication protocol offers enhanced protection to the users. It is significantly safer than the NTLM protocol. |
| Mutual Authentication | The mutual authentication feature is absent from NTLM. | Mutual authentication feature is included in Kerberos. |
| Delegation and Impersonation | NTLM does not support delegation. The NTML protocol solely supports impersonation. | Kerberos supports both delegation and impersonation. |
| Smartcard Logon | A two-factor login by the usage of smartcards is not allowed by NTLM protocols. | A two-factor login procedure using a smartcard is allowed by the Kerberos protocol. |
| Compatibility | NTLM is compatible with older Windows models, like Windows 95, 98, NT 4.0, etc. | Kerberos is compatible with all the latest Windows models like Microsoft Windows 2000, XP, and others. |
What is NTLM?
The NTLM protocol is a proprietary Windows authentication protocol that uses a challenge-response system to authenticate logins. The NTLM system was prevalent in the older Windows computers that were not members of an Active Directory domain.
After the initiation of the authentication process by the client, a three-way handshake between the client and the server commences. The process begins with the client sending a message specifying his or her account name and encryption capabilities.
Consequently, the server responds with a 64-bit nonce. This response is termed the challenge. The client’s response comprises this value and his or her password.
The security offered by the NTLM is inferior to those provided by the newer versions of other authentication protocols. This authentication protocol does not use a tri-party procedure.
As a result, it is deemed less secure. Moreover, this older protocol does not facilitate smartcard logons, mutual authentication, delegation, etc.
What is Kerberos?
Kerberos is a Window authentication protocol compatible with the latest models launched by the brand. It is a ticket-based protocol that is used by those Windows PCs that are already members of an Active Directory domain.
The USP of this protocol is that it can effectively reduce the total number of passwords a user needs to access the network to only one.
This secure, sophisticated, and advanced authentication protocol was designed at MIT. It has been accepted as the standard authentication protocol for all computers, from the Windows 2000 model to other more recent models.
Kerberos includes several formidable specs like mutual authentication and a smart card logon.
The security assurance of the Kerberos protocol is unmatched. It uses a third party to authenticate logins. This ensures enhanced safety and minimizes the vulnerability of confidential data. By operating through centralized data centres, Kerberos ensures further stability and security.
Main Differences Between NTLM and Kerberos
- The main difference between NTLM and Kerberos is that NTLM is a challenge-response-based Microsoft authentication protocol that is used in the older Windows models that are not members of an Active Directory domain. At the same time, Kerberos is a ticket-based authentication protocol used in the newer variants of the Windows model.
- Kerberos supports smart card logon through a two-factor authentication protocol. NTLM does not support a smart card logon.
- In terms of security, Kerberos has the edge over NTLM. NTLM is comparatively less secure than Kerberos.
- Mutual authentication feature is available with Kerberos. Contrarily, NTLM does not offer the user this mutual authentication feature.
- While Kerberos supports both delegation and impersonation, NTLM only supports impersonation.
- The authentication process under the NTLM protocol involves the client and the server. However, a reliable third party is privy to the authentication process under the Kerberos protocol.
- The earlier Windows models used the NTLM protocol. This includes versions like Windows 95, 98, NT 4.0, etc. The Kerberos protocol is preinstalled on newer models like Microsoft Windows 2000, XP, and other latest models.
Last Updated : 15 June, 2023
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Sandeep Bhandari holds a Bachelor of Engineering in Computers from Thapar University (2006). He has 20 years of experience in the technology field. He has a keen interest in various technical fields, including database systems, computer networks, and programming. You can read more about him on his bio page.
The article’s emphasis on Kerberos’ security advantages and compatibility with newer Windows models is informative and valuable. It effectively highlights the reasons for choosing Kerberos over NTLM in modern environments.
I appreciate how the article delves into the nuances of NTLM and Kerberos, providing a comprehensive comparison that’s grounded in practical relevance. It’s an invaluable read for anyone working with Windows environments.
Indeed, the article serves as an important guide for understanding the strengths and limitations of both NTLM and Kerberos. It’s a great resource for IT professionals and security experts.
The article critically dissects the comparative features of NTLM and Kerberos, apprising readers of the complexities and nuances inherent in these authentication protocols. It’s an indispensable aid for professionals seeking to fortify their knowledge in this domain.
Indeed, Barry. This article offers a judicious exposition of NTLM and Kerberos, enriching the understanding of IT practitioners and security experts engaged in safeguarding network infrastructures.
This article provides a comprehensive and clear explanation of the key differences between NTLM and Kerberos, shedding light on their security features and compatibility with different Windows models. It’s extremely informative and helpful for individuals looking to understand more about authentication protocols.
The detailed comparison table is particularly helpful! It clearly outlines the differences between NTLM and Kerberos, making it a great resource for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of these authentication protocols.
I completely agree! The article effectively compares NTLM and Kerberos, making it easier for readers to comprehend the finer nuances of each protocol. It’s well-written and insightful.
The article’s exploration of mutual authentication, delegation, and smart card logon effectively highlights the advanced capabilities of Kerberos over NTLM, providing a nuanced perspective on the compatibility and security features of these authentication protocols.
I completely agree, Kimberly. The article’s in-depth examination underscores the essential differences between NTLM and Kerberos, offering valuable guidance for those navigating the dynamic landscape of Windows authentication.
This article explains the complex concepts of NTLM and Kerberos in a clear and accessible manner, making it a valuable resource for those looking to deepen their understanding of authentication protocols.
I couldn’t agree more. This article is an excellent reference for professionals and enthusiasts alike who want to expand their knowledge of authentication protocols.
Absolutely, Morris! The detailed breakdown of the authentication process and the comparison table make it easier for readers to grasp the differences between NTLM and Kerberos effectively.
The article effectively examines the functionality and compatibility of NTLM and Kerberos, offering valuable insights into their respective strengths and limitations. It’s a commendable resource for those seeking in-depth knowledge of authentication protocols in Windows environments.
I couldn’t agree more, Stefan. The article’s meticulous examination of NTLM and Kerberos equips readers with a profound understanding of the authentication landscape, facilitating informed decision-making in IT environments.
Absolutely, this article fills a crucial knowledge gap by providing a detailed analysis of NTLM and Kerberos. It’s a must-read for anyone navigating the complexities of enterprise-level security protocols.
The article’s meticulous delineation of the functional disparities and security paradigms of NTLM and Kerberos lends a comprehensive understanding of these authentication protocols, serving as a valuable educational tool for professionals and academics alike.
I concur, Phoebe. The article’s comprehensive examination of NTLM and Kerberos provides a substantive framework for understanding these authentication protocols, contributing significantly to the academic and professional discourse in this domain.
Absolutely, Phoebe. The analytical rigor and scholarly depth of the article make it an indispensable resource for practitioners and researchers delving into the intricacies of Windows authentication mechanisms.
The article’s comprehensive breakdown of the authentication processes, security aspects, and compatibility makes it an indispensable reference for IT professionals and security enthusiasts. It bridges the knowledge gap effectively, offering valuable insights into NTLM and Kerberos.
Absolutely, Carter! The article’s meticulous analysis provides a holistic understanding of NTLM and Kerberos, enabling readers to navigate the intricacies of Windows authentication protocols with clarity and precision.
I couldn’t agree more, Paula. The article’s scholarly approach to comparing NTLM and Kerberos enriches the discourse on authentication protocols, establishing it as an authoritative resource for industry professionals.
While the article does provide a detailed comparison, it seems to favor Kerberos over NTLM in terms of security and advanced features. A more balanced perspective would have been appreciated.
I understand your concern, Harrison. However, it’s important to acknowledge that the enhanced security features of Kerberos are indeed a significant advantage over NTLM. The article accurately reflects this aspect.
As an IT professional, I found this article to be exceptionally insightful in elucidating the operational disparities and security aspects of NTLM and Kerberos. It’s a well-structured and beneficial resource for anyone engaged in network security and system administration.